Serbian Doctrine of Civil Law Contract Law

Question: Clarify about the 'Speculations Of Cause (Consideration) Of Contract In The Serbian Doctrine Of Civil Law After The Adoption Of The Law On Obligations' ? Answer: Presentation: To make a coupling contract, it is significant that all the basics are satisfied. As indicated by the general guideline of agreement law express that offer, acknowledgment, thought, free assent and purposeful are the premise of an agreement. On the off chance that the thought isn't there, the agreement will be treated as void. Then again if, the assent is taken by any sort of pressure, coercion, extortion or distortion, the agreement will be considered to the void agreement. But and until both the gatherings are accord advertisement idem on an issue, the agreement will be treated as no agreement. Both the gathering must have a similar conclusion on something very similar in the indistinguishable cleverness. Thusly, for a genuine agreement, similarly the proposition and acknowledgment of that proposition must be in concurrence with the law. The thought is the significant part in an agreement. The financial ampleness isn't a fundamental issue, yet the thought ought to be adequate in the eye of law. This paper endeavor to recognize the significance of thought based on Williams v Roffey Bros. Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd case. The case settles on the idea of thought. This paper endeavors to answer the matter of the significance of thought and its connection with respect to financial pressure. The court, for this situation, found that thought a significant piece of the agreement and he genuine thought can be considered as legitimate and proper thought. In spite of the fact that in various going before cases, courts found that the precept of thought became out of date step by step. In the earlier days, an agreement that was acquired by unreasonable weight or coercion was accepted to be dissolved by the adjudicators on the premise that the essential significant thing thought was absent there. In any case, in the Williams v Roffey Bros. Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd case, the appointed authorities additionally held that fiscal coercion would be reachable in that cases as a fix to invalided an agreement that was gotten by method of unfairforce or the blackmail. Idea of Economic pressure: Trouble in business correspondence while developing or not building an agreement, have realized approach to partition up until now, an increasingly significant teaching perceived as the rule of monetary coercion. The rule gives us the way that the consent of the gathering to an understanding can be given, not just by pointing a gun at them however by tormenting the gathering monetarily. Clear necessities, as against trust guideline and client security laws, host been strengthened to safeguard gatherings as of in going into such understanding. Independently from these prerequisites, judges are likewise holding back agreements go into by unlawful power. DCBuildersvRees, it was concluded that when a people consent is acquired by coercion, he has the option to evade the authoritative terms. Stilk v Myrick is a significant agreement law case that was chosen by the High Court of England with respect to the thought. In this judgment, Lord Ellenboroughdetermined that in legal choice where an individual was obliged to do an obligation under a possible understanding that duty can't be estimated as relevant thought for any new understanding. It has been destabilized and overruled by the case ofWilliams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd,which suggested that situation recently held by thought could in its place handle by the guideline of budgetary coercion. For this situation, the idea of monetary coercion was pleasantly called attention to by the Glidewell LJ. He concluded that Williams had given a lawfully substantial thought in spite of the fact that he was simply executing an earlier duty. Williams got 3,500 and court guaranteed that the plan ofpromissory estoppelwas not accurately contended. The thought of monetary coercion offered reactions to Stilks issue in the decision by this judgment. The authenticity of the agreement will rely upon the specific issue according to the conversation of the case. For a legitimate agreement, clearly an individual utilized someone else by execution of an agreement of business. Be that as it may, before the execution, the business has the motivation to question the individual will be unable to achieve the work. The business vows to pay more. The gathering gets the genuine advantage or inconvenience from that guarantee, and there must have any sort of financial coercion. The disarray was made by the average folks in regards to the legitimate advantages continuing to these decisions of Williams v Roffey. This case put a question mark on the legitimacy of the idea of the thought. The court concludes that nobody reserve the privilege to profit any additional profit by the circumstance after satisfaction of the commitment. Be that as it may, the guideline in the customary law gives the misfortune to this commitment go under the domain of open obligation. So it very well may be referenced that the authentic advantages applied in the conduct for the situation, the idea of thought should be altered from its conventional application. Idea of thought: The idea of thought is significant for an instance of agreement. The precise advantage is of most extreme significance. The general rule of agreement law announced that the thought should be legitimately good. The monitory worth is certifiably not a determinate factor on account of agreement. Be that as it may, the inquiry lies on the need of the thought and its significance in the cutting edge period. On account of Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd, it was concluded that a guarantee is viewed as a sufficient thought in the ambit of agreement law. The past instance of Stilk v Myrick, as examined prior the court concludes that anybody obliged to do act an obligation under a realistic understanding can't be estimated as appropriate thought for any new understanding. Both of this cases chose n he matter of installment more that than the real guarantee. Be that as it, all in all, both of this case chose conversely. The appointed authorities of the instance of William didn't acknowledges the comprehension of the decision of Stilk v Myrick. The disarray was emerges as a result of the gigantic contrast in this two decisions. The irregularity of the indistinguishable laws assists with getting the hypothesis of thought and its viability in the advanced period. Relevance of the convention of budgetary pressure and the thought: The standard of thought is vital and material obviously in pretty much every circumstance in the part of agreement law. In any case, in present day time the embodiment of this precept diminishes. Different conventions decrease the significance of this precept step by step like the regulation of monetary pressure, promissory estoppel, and so forth. The idea of money related pressure is some of the time used to alter the use of the principle of thought. The rule was utilized when the pointless weight was embedded at the hour of the production of the agreement. The coercion was given significance at the hour of the production of the agreement. That sort of inconsistencies can prompt the terrible decisions. This sort of conditions can invalid the idea more. On the off chance that one gathering is in the prevalent position that issue for the most part emerges. They exploit from the agreement. For the most part in this sort of circumstance substitute sort of thought is required which lead to anomaly and injustice in the judgment. The issue here pronounced about the adequacy and sufficiency in the piece of the thought. On the off chance that it is demonstrated that the advantage is a substantial thought, clearly various appointed authorities groups the distinctive feeling in this comparative issue. The instance of Re Select more Ltd can be contemplated. In this particular case, it was concluded that the confirmation to pay any sum was no viewed as the substantial thought under the general standard of agreement. However, on account of Penny v Cole is was expressed that part execution or part installment is definitely not an adequate thought. On account of Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltddraws the connection between the estoppel and thought ideas. This case likewise demonstrates the outdatedness of the guideline of thought in the cutting edge idea. On the significant instance of Foakes v. Lager can be talked about in this issue. This is an English agreement related decision, which is relevant the disagreeable previous obligation rule out of sight of branch installments of the unpaid whole. It considered as the most significant case from theon the lawful thought ofthe standard of thought in a legally binding viewpoint. It perceived the guideline that prevents parties from discharging an impulse by the utilization of part execution. This case confirms the decision of Pinnel's Case. For this situation, the court concludes that installment of littler sum on the due day can't be lead to any endorsement of the whole obligation. Courts took distinctive assessment in this issue with respect to the pertinence of the idea of thought. The court gives the need to the lawfully endorsed agreement under the seal of the court. In the event that the seal of the court is available, it gives scarcely any significance to the issue of thought. In current viewpoint, it very well may be asserted that the custom teaching is old or obsolete. Positive and negative impacts: Subsequent to experiencing the different choices taken by the courts in this regard, presently, an endeavor will be made to assess and comprehend if these choices are really achievable or not. The precept of coercion in contract gives that if any illicit or unjustifiable weight is unlawfully put on any individual while he is going to go into any agreement, at that point, such an understanding can't be authorized upon him. Accordingly, on the off chance that this convention of pressure is applied on reasonable and supported conditions, at that point, for the most part, it is just the more fragile gathering that gets the security under the legitimate terms. In any case, in a lion's share of the I

Convicting, Convincing, and Converting Essay

The contention most solid is indicting, changing over, and persuading. Numerous denominational Churches and otherworldly convictions have clashing sentiments around this issue. Many feel that they can take in their guidelines or pick and decision the Scriptures (cherry-cream) and mean suit their requests. â€Å"The Bible is extraordinary in focus† (Towns, 2007 p. 19). Presently by doing such obscenity exercises, one is opposing God’s authority. That kind of conduct just prompts evil spirits. In particular, we ought not single out Bible refrains to suit our circumstances. God has spread out the entirety of His orders efficiently, and no alternate ways. I have gone over this situation in a few places of worship. When I became conceived once more, The Holy Spirit denounced me of my past and empower me to see God through His eyes. The Word persuaded me. I enabled the Almighty to be my Redeemer; God worked in me. Today, The Almighty God has allowed me the go for everlasting life and gracefully me with a visa of Heaven. Taking everything into account, Elmer Towns expresses the Bible is a marvelous sofa-bed and supplier. â€Å" Perhaps the best impact of the Bible is its indicting, persuading, changing over capacity to all who sincerely acknowledge its message and have faith in Jesus Christ† (Towns, 2007 p. 24). The Word gives the perusing crowd a ground-breaking conviction of God being the genuine and a serious deal. He isn't the Author of disarray. (1 Corinthians 14: 33) For God isn't the creator of disarray, yet of harmony, as in all chapels of the holy people (KJV). We should know that God comes to make harmony with us. When one has consented to acknowledge a profound relationship with God, you embrace off the previous and welcome on another. Why not test Him and participate in the guarantee He has set aside for you to encounter endless life by keeping His edicts.

Lewis, Meriwether

Lewis, Meriwether Lewis, Meriwether, 1774â€"1809, American explorer, one of the leaders of the Lewis and Clark expedition , b. near Charlottesville, Va. He was a captain in the army and served in a number of campaigns against Native Americans before becoming (1801) secretary to his friend President Jefferson. Selected to head the expedition for a land route to the Pacific Ocean, he chose William Clark as his associate. Upon that successful venture Lewis's fame rests. In 1807 he was made governor of Louisiana Territory, with headquarters at St. Louis. In 1809, while traveling to Washington to prepare the journals of the expedition for publication, he died suddenlyâ€"either by murder or suicideâ€"in a lonely inn on the Natchez Trace. The cause of his death is still the subject of controversy. See biography by R. H. Dillon (1968); see also bibliography under Lewis and Clark expedition . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reser ved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

The Fourth Of July, By John Lewis Krimmel - 985 Words

The Fourth of July is a holiday that typically involves joyous events such as barbeques, family gatherings, and quality picnics. Additionally, it is a time that can draw those who have drifted apart closer once again. However, in the 19th century as the racial and social divide deepened, the effectiveness of this national holiday came into question. Although the Fourth of July was supposed to pull the nation closer, it actually inclined some to question their place in America. This was supposed to be a unification holiday that made the country stronger. Instead, the national holiday carved a deep divide between the various groups that made up the population at that time. Furthermore, in the 19th century the Fourth of July established division between groups, cultivated questions about America’s progress as a whole, and ingrained national confusion about the purpose of this holiday. In the painting Independence Day in Center Square, painted by John Lewis Krimmel, the celebratio n of Fourth of July is depicted.1 This work, completed in 1819, takes place in the large city of Philadelphia. While looking at the painting, one can see Center Square, Philadelphia is full of raucous people that are supposed to be there to celebrate this holiday. However, if one looks closely at the painting, in the right bottom corner it can be seen that a woman tries desperately to hand out temperance posters. Obviously, this woman was not there to celebrate the victory over the British 43 yearsShow MoreRelatedSpeech : Land Of The Free992 Words   |  4 Pageshistory. July 4th, 1776 is perhaps the most significant and widely celebrated holiday. The Fourth of July marks our independence and legal separation from Great Britain. July 4th, or Independence Day is the celebration of the United States of America’s birth. Today, the Fourth of July is one of the few things American Citizens can celebrate together. Independence day is commonly known for western themed barbeques, p arades, fireworks, and other patriotic acts. In the Nineteenth Century, The Fourth of July

Why Hydraulic Fracking Should Be Conducted At Drilling

Last year alone, oil and gas companies put hundreds of millions of gallons of hydraulic fracturing fluids into the earth. Many of these fluids were found to contain harmful chemicals such as carcinogens- substances that directly cause cancer. This is why hydraulic fracking has been the topic of heated debate over the past few years. This process of drilling for natural gas has become increasingly popular over the past decade, and has in turn produced many questions about the safety of its wells and the chemicals that are used in drilling. Under current regulations, hydraulic fracking is permitted to be conducted at drilling sites that are located very close to residential areas. The chemicals used in the drilling process have been leaking out of wells, and have contaminated drinking water for some communities. In addition, it pollutes the air by putting methane, a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Concerned about the safety of fracking, cities such as Longmont have shown gr eat opposition to the Colorado Oil and Gas Association (COGA)’s regulations. In fact, Longmont citizens voted to put a ban on fracking within city limits in 2012. This ban has been met with retaliation from COGA, who sued the city because of the ban. If fracking isn’t allowed to be banned by cities that don’t want it, then the regulations need to change in order to make the practice both prosperous and safe for the community. Hydraulic Fracturing, commonly known as fracking, is a processShow MoreRelatedFracking And The Environment : Fracking983 Words   |  4 PagesTayler Hedgecock Dr. Allen Composition 2 MWF 11 AM Fracking and the Environment Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, is not an environmentally sound method of acquiring cleaner, cheaper energy. Fracking is a practice that is being used in order to collect natural gas from deep within the earth’s layers of shale rock. Fracking is the process in which water, sand, and chemicals are forced with immense pressure, approximately ten to fifteen thousand pounds per square inch, into the shale rockRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing And Fracking : A Controversial Topic Across The Globe1489 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing or Fracking, as it more commonly known, is a very controversial topic across the globe. In the United States, its status remains the same. Hydraulic fracturing is a method of oil and natural gas production. The process includes the drilling of pipes 1-1.5 miles within the earth. After that pipe is secured and has an impermeable layer around the pipe, a tool that creates small holes within the impermeable layer is sent down through t he pipe. It creates holes in the pipe that allowsRead MoreFracking Of The United States911 Words   |  4 Pages101 8 September, 2015 Fracking in The United States Fracking is a term that is used as a shorthand term referring to hydraulic fracturing. This is a type of drilling used for oil and natural gas within the Earth. Fracking has been used commercially for the last 65 years in the U.S... With the new technology advances in the field along with advanced hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling is responsible for the U.S. surging in the oil and gas production. Fracking is allowing the U.S. toRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing, The Advantages And Disadvantages2628 Words   |  11 Pages Understanding Hydraulic Fracturing, The Advantages and Disadvantages Prepare By: Dennis Lacerte Submitted Date: December 3, 2014 Contact Information: djamesl@rams.colostate.edu â€Æ' Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 2 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING PROCESS 3 ENERGY CONVERSION AND PRODUCTION PROCESS 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING 7 LAND AND RESOURCE EFFECTS 7 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS 8 WATER EFFECTS 8 HEALTH EFFECTS 9 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING ALTERNATIVES 9Read MoreHydraulic Fracturing3418 Words   |  14 PagesThe Split Personality of Hydraulic Fracturing There is wide agreement among most experts and the public that the current energy sources we use in the United States are in need of a replacement. Reliance on the fossil fuels of coal and oil are problematic for at least two reasons: their negative impact on the environment (both in extraction and their use) and the reliance on supplies of these from other countries, which has created problems on the geopolitical front. Nuclear fission remains a controversialRead MoreFracking Of The United States1307 Words   |  6 Pages2014 Dr. Gray Final Paper Fracking in the United States Hydraulic fracking in the United States is a current environmental hazard that has to be addressed by the American people and by the federal government. Fracking in America has opened up millions of acres of lands that were once not economically viable to produce oil and gas. While the Bureau of land Management has paved the way for hydraulic fracturing on public lands, there is a need for retaliation. Fracking is a dirty method of extractingRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing4405 Words   |  18 PagesGEB6445 – SOCIAL, ETHICAL, LEGAL SYSTEMS Hydraulic Fracturing The topic of hydraulic fracturing has been a source of debate in recent years. Often referred to as â€Å"fracking,† this controversial process involves injecting vast amounts of water, sand and chemicals deep into the ground at high pressure to crack the shale and release the natural gas trapped within. Critics fear the process endangers the public water supply because well drilling goes through the water table which exposes itRead MoreThe Gas And Natural Gas1808 Words   |  8 PagesWith reserves in 31 states, the US has a supply of natural gas large enough to provide the country with energy for decades (â€Å"Gas Drilling: The Story So Far†). Access to these vast deposits is helping to significantly decrease the United States’ reliance on foreign energy, as we have recently become the largest natural gas producer worldwide (â€Å"Hydraulic Fracturing Natural Gas and Oil Development†). In addition to abundance, natural gas has several other benefits as well. Natural gas emits onlyRead MoreWhat ´s Hydraulic Fracturing 763 Words   |  3 PagesHydraulic Fracturing is a process/technique that was produced around the 1940s and it is a way in which we can allow natural gas and oil to be able to move around from the rock pores in which they are trapped inside of, to allow this to move to a producing well. Hydraulic Fracturing is used because it recovers energy resources as well as producing great amounts of hydrocarbons from each well. If we use this process, this will mean that we no longer would need to use the drilling processRead MoreHydraulic Fracking Essay15746 Words   |  63 PagesHydraulic Fracturing (â€Å"Fracking†) LAS 432 – Technology, Society, and Culture Team B Michael Griffin Mark Hartwick Alena Hutson Kansas Gentry Kevin Gracia Professor Douglas McCoy 8/24/12 Contents Thesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 3 Hydraulic Fracturing Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 4 History of Fracking.....................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 5 Cultural Context†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page

C-Direct Insurance Company Free Essays

201KM GROUP PROJECT CASE STUDY 3 Case Study 3 The C-Direct- Insurance Company Developed by Peter Race, Henley Management College Call centres have fast become one of the most important channels for organizations and their customers to interact. There are around 4,000 call centres in the UK today,employing over 400,000 people. The direct sell insurance industry is increasingly using call centres to access and service its market. We will write a custom essay sample on C-Direct Insurance Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now The C-Direct -Insurance Company has its call centre in Newcastle, England. The company itself is just 6 years old and specialises in selling automobile insurance policies direct to customers. The process Advertising and promotion initiatives attract customers’ interest and generate enquiries to the CD Call Centre. These lead to the provision of quotations for personal car insurance. In order to provide the quotation, CD operators need to collect the customer’s personal and vehicle related data (in total 17 items) and input them to the computer. The process is as follows: Customers call the CDCall Centre (the focus of this case) by a freephone telephone number and submit the required information. This is entered directly into a computer terminal during the call, their questions answered, and quotation provided within 12 minutes. Customers can pay by credit card and receive immediate insurance cover. Customers receive their personal insurance offer confirmed in writing by mail, about 23 days after initial contact. Mr Small, the Operations Manager, is responsible for all operations in the Call Centre. The Call Centre employs 105 people in three shifts over a core day between the hours of 0800 and 2000. The resources for the Call Centre are:  · its facilities – for example the buildings and the staff’s workspace/workstations  · the equipment – for example, computers/systems the People who use them. Car insurance is compulsory in the UK, so customers are price sensitive and tend to shop around to compare the company’s offer with those of competitors. Only about 17% of CD’s offers are converted into policies. The operations management strategies of scheduling, capacity and quality management were reactive rather than proactive; for example, poor forecasting of demand resulte d in excess manpower being under utilised. Staffs were inflexible and showed little sympathy or understanding to frustrated and angry customers. The interfaces with support functions such as Marketing or Information Systems Department tended to be confrontational rather than supportive. Fortunately, in the early days, competition was not very tough and Mr Small had no special performance targets or formal control mechanisms – he was literally his own boss. The policy change After five years of high growth, over the last twelve months sales have only grown by 3% and the company is beginning to struggle with diminishing profits. The main reasons for the slowdown have been identified:  · New Entrants: 15 companies in the last 2 years, producing a wave of ‘direct insurance startups’. These companies have targeted the same customer segment as CD, the market for which has remained stagnant.  · Customers are more price sensitive and new entrants offer extremely low prices.  · Substitute Products are unchanged – customers still require car insurance. The new situation has forced management to review business policy options to provide a competitive advantage. Research has shown that for direct selling insurance products, the key market drivers are to:  · Offer a wider range of insurance products, so minimising the need for customers to deal with many suppliers. Offer low prices  · Provide excellent service. A recent internal report showed that the CD Call Centre still had potential to improve service levels and cost efficiency. The decision was therefore taken to extend the product range and improve service by addressing: Product flexibility CD will respond to customer’s demand by launching a new product – household insurance – and deliver it via the Call Centre, alongside car insurance. Household insurance is often requested by customers and they have been in the past disappointed not to source it from CD. Furthermore, the product margin for household insurance is high, thanks to low average claims. Since only a few competitors currently offer household insurance, management believed they could generate an above average profit margin in the first year after launch. Responsiveness In order to make the new product successful, it will also be necessary to fulfill customer expectations for ‘time’ response. Consequently, operations management will need to ensure quick access to the Cal Centre and efficient treatment of customers for both products. Quality Improve customer service – at least to match competitors’ standards. Internal analysis has shown that the auto insurance ‘lapse rate’ (customers not renewing their policies) – which is an indicator of customer satisfaction – was above the market average. To avoid this trap with the new product, significant improvements in service delivery of all CD’s activities is needed (including settlement of claims, which is not part of the Call Centre’s responsibilities). Cost Ensure price decrease of insurance premiums by reducing internal costs. All possibilities for further cost reduction must be exploited to permit a price level lower than the top five price leaders. By launching this policy change, senior management believe a successful implementation will lead to higher customer satisfaction and consequently to profitable growth. Influences on the operations The change in business policy will have an impact on M. Small’s current operations strategies. The policy change has been developed at corporate level but the benefits will have to be delivered by Mr Small, the Operations Manager, in the future. Therefore, Mr Small will need to address the changes to operating systems structures and operations management objectives. The determination of the tradeoff between customer service and resource utilisation will be a key factor for sustainable operation, especially in this competitive environment. The new business policy decision will affect Mr Small’s current practice in two ways. First, he will have to interface with the project setup to manage the launch of the new product and modifications to the delivery processes. Second, Small will have to establish operations management strategies to allow the business to meet the objectives of the policy change. The Project phase Workforce The existing staff will be responsible for the new product, alongside the existing offering. Therefore an intensive training programme on Information Technology (IT); enhancements and new product features will be required. To improve the overall quality and service provision, customer acquisition techniques and friendly handling of difficult customers will be covered during the training. Mr Small will work with the training department to develop a training plan which will take at least four days per group to deliver (each group has about 10 employees). Therefore, he will have to schedule the training so that the normal business will not be hampered by too few staff in the Call Centre. The new training approach will also have a long term influence, because training updates for employees will be held at least once a year. One of the aims of the training is to reshape corporate culture so as to engender a commitment to high efficiency and excellent ervice. This will demand empowering the workforce to focus on customer service, together with better collaboration between staff, by using more teamwork, to raise the overall efficiency levels of the operation. Mr Small will also have to install a feedback process to evaluate the satisfaction level of the staff, to help identify continuous improvement areas. Better motivation will be achieved by introducing a new incentive sy stem, using positive customer feedback as a measure for rewards. Facilities equipment The current workspace/workstation for a Call Centre staff member is a small, open ‘boxlike’ area (less than one square metre), containing a terminal, keyboard and telephone. The boxes are very close together and do not have a proper noise protection. Staff complains about the workstations, because with the background noise of five or more colleagues, concentration is difficult, and the number of data input errors are high. Staff have little space to write notes, so for example, noting down a telephone number to return a call to a customer is very difficult. After looking at the staff’s workspace, Small realised they would have to modify the building in order to create more space and provide noise protection. He thought that only by providing a convenient and ergonomic workspace would he be able to ensure his staff’s full commitment to performance improvements. A careful forecast of future demand will be necessary in order to install the right number of new workstations and avoid under/over utilisation of resources. Technology A new terminal mask (template or standard screen) for the Call Centre needs to be developed by the Information Systems Department (ISD). This mask must contain all questions that need to be answered by the customer. To ensure service quality, ISD would have to create a flexible IT system, which would enable the Call Centre staff to quickly switch from one screen to another, according to customer’s demand. The competitor benchmark for ‘time to switch’ screens is less than 3 seconds. Furthermore, high IT reliability is vital, because breakdowns in the past have stopped all activities of the Call Centre, (since they depend on online access to the mainframe) and customers could not be served during that time. Mr. Small wonders if an ISD/Call Centre staff taskforce should be setup to explore the main historical problems for poor reliability, define development areas and try to find the best possible solution. Organisation Experience in the past has shown that the first few months after a product launch to be critical. Therefore, a new role of a ‘first alert support person’ needs to be established. The ‘first alert’ person will help improve service by patrolling the Call Centre and helping the staff during busy times, in cases of difficult customer questions or with technical problems. Furthermore, they would have a coaching role for new employees and also support staff training. The Human Resource Department (HRD) will need to develop the job description, provide a career plan for that role, manage the necessary recruiting and training process and determine how this new position fits into the organisation. Questions 1. Prepare the Project Definition Report for implementation of the policy change. This report should cover: vision; purpose (including a stakeholder analysis); objectives; scope; strategy; project phases; and project organisation. 2. What are the risks for the project and how should they be managed? How to cite C-Direct Insurance Company, Essay examples

Integral Calculus Essays - Differential Calculus,

Integral Calculus Ever wonder how scientists figure out how long it takes for the radiation from a nuclear weapon to decay? This dilemma can be solved by calculus, which helps determine the rate of decay of the radioactive material. Calculus can aid people in many everyday situations, such as deciding how much fencing is needed to encompass a designated area. Finding how gravity affects certain objects is how calculus aids people who study Physics. Mechanics find calculus useful to determine rates of flow of fluids in a car. Numerous developments in mathematics by Ancient Greeks to Europeans led to the discovery of integral calculus, which is still expanding. The first mathematicians came from Egypt, where they discovered the rule for the volume of a pyramid and approximation of the area of a circle. Later, Greeks made tremendous discoveries. Archimedes extended the method of inscribed and circumscribed figures by means of heuristic, which are rules that are specific to a given problem and can therefore help guide the search. These arguments involved parallel slices of figures and the laws of the lever, the idea of a surface as made up of lines. Finding areas and volumes of figures by using conic section (a circle, point, hyperbola, etc.) and weighing infinitely thin slices of figures, an idea used in integral calculus today was also a discovery of Archimedes. One of Archimedes's major crucial discoveries for integral calculus was a limit that allows the slices of a figure to be infinitely thin. Another Greek, Euclid, developed ideas supporting the theory of calculus, but the logic basis was not sustained since infinity and continuity wer en't established yet (Boyer 47). His one mistake in finding a definite integral was that it is not found by the sums of an infinite number of points, lines, or surfaces but by the limit of an infinite sequence (Boyer 47). These early discoveries aided Newton and Leibniz in the development of calculus. In the 17th century, people from all over Europe made numerous mathematics discoveries in the integral calculus field. Johannes Kepler anticipat(ed) results found? in the integral calculus (Boyer 109) with his summations. For instance, in his Astronomia nova, he formed a summation similar to integral calculus dealing with sine and cosine. F. B. Cavalieri expanded on Johannes Kepler's work on measuring volumes. Also, he investigate[d] areas under the curve (Calculus (mathematics)) with what he called indivisible magnitudes. A discovery by Pierre de Fermat on finding the greatest and least value of some algebraic expressions (Calculus (mathematics)) is now used in Differential Calculus. Discoveries made in Europe at this time greatly helped the development of calculus. Later in the 17th century, Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz founded calculus. Calculus is defined as the study of the interplay between a function and its derivative (Priestley 78). Integral calculus is used to find areas and volumes under a curve. Newton contrived calculus first, but Leibniz was the first to publish work on it in 1686. Leibniz's symbols differed from Newton's; today, Leibniz used the notation dy/dx to represent the derivative of y as a function of x, instead of Newton's notation y ?. This notation reminds people that the derivative is the limit of ratios of change and/ or a limit of fractions. Newton's work included: linking infinite sums and the algebraic expressions of the inverse relation between tangents and areas. Previous to their discovery, rectangles were used to find area, though the estimated area was always too little or too much; calculus allowed these rectangles to be infinitely thin(Integration). Algebra is not useful to find areas under a curve, unlike calculus, which allows people to work with continuously vary quantities of figures (Calculus: Math in flux). One of Leinbiz's main concerns was in the properties of numerical sequences and the sum and differences of the terms in such sequences. Blaise Pascal came extremely close to developing the fundamental theorem of calculus, which deals with the derivative and the definite integral; his work in this area led Leibniz to discover this theorem partial credit is given to him as well as Cauchy. The relationship between the derivative and the definite integral has been called 'the root idea of the whole of the differential